“Os sindicatos das prósperas indústrias de exportação não são os únicos que estão em greve nos dias de hoje”, refere o sociólogo económico, exemplificando com as paralisações nos serviços domésticos, especialmente no setor público, que aparentam “ter vindo para ficar”.
Lembrando que “a concorrência internacional já não é apenas sobre a quota de mercado, mas também sobre o emprego”, o que veio, por exemplo, condicionar a ação dos sindicatos metalúrgicos, Wolfgang Streeck assinala que a contestação deslocou-se para os serviços, já que, neste caso, “a exportação do trabalho é mais difícil”.
O sociólogo refere também que “os empregadores públicos, na prossecução da consolidação orçamental, romperam o peculiar regime de contratação coletiva do setor público da Alemanha” que assegurava, no essencial, os mesmos aumentos salariais anuais para todos os trabalhadores. Por outro lado, Wolfgang Streeck aponta que várias ocupações - incluindo a dos maquinistas, professores e trabalhadores dos correios - deixaram de ser reguladas pela legislação específica da Função Pública.
“Além disso, a privatização progressiva dos serviços públicos, combinada com o desemprego e a de-sindicalização que veio com o mesmo, colocou cada vez mais os salários do sector público sob concorrência (incluindo com imigrantes mais baratos), levando a problemas até então desconhecidos para os sindicatos, desencadeados por aquilo que rapidamente se estava a tornar num sistema de dois níveis salariais”, avança.
Outro desenvolvimento que, segundo o sociólogo, contribuiu para o conflito laboral tem a ver com o surgimento de novas ocupações, especialmente as relacionadas com a educação dos filhos e cuidados com os idosos. Estes trabalhadores são mal pagos e precários, não obstante “a retórica do Governo sobre a indispensabilidade e a virtude moral do seu trabalho”, vinca Wolfgang Streeck.
A somar a estes fatores surge a forma como o patronato se serve do progresso tecnológico para exercer pressão sobre ocupações anteriormente privilegiadas, como pilotos de avião, controladores de tráfego aéreo e maquinistas, pondo em causa direitos já conquistados.
“Tudo isto resulta numa ampla erosão das normas salariais formais e informais que por várias décadas mantiveram a paz no capitalismo alemão”, salienta o sociólogo económico alemão.
A par da deterioração das condições de trabalho, da perda de rendimentos e dos cortes nos serviços públicos e prestações sociais a que é sujeita a maioria das famílias, os salários dos gestores de topo crescem “especialmente, mas não exclusivamente, na área financeira”, refere Streeck, que assinala um aumento das desigualdades salariais.
“O sistema de fixação dos salários alemã está a aproximar-se de uma condição de ausência de normas, semelhante ao que a Grã-Bretanha experimentou na década de 1970. À época, o sociólogo John Goldthorpe Oxford diagnosticou um estado de anomia laboral: uma ausência fundamental de consenso sobre os princípios legítimos de distribuição entre capital e trabalho, bem como entre grupos de trabalhadores”, afirma.
Segundo Wolfgang Streeck, “o governo alemão, com o seu ministro do Trabalho social-democrata, está a tentar suprimir a vaga de conflitos laborais reduzindo o direito de organização e de greve, ilegalizando as greves de sindicatos setoriais - como os maquinistas”.
“Mas isso irá falhar, muito provavelmente no Tribunal Constitucional e, certamente, na prática, num mundo em que a estrutura das empresas e sectores não é mais favorável ao sindicalismo que se baseia na doutrina 'um local de trabalho, um sindicato', e onde os maquinistas, pilotos e outros vão sentir-se no direito de se defender, se necessário, entrando em greve, diga a lei o que disser”, remata.
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PARA QUE SERVEM AS REFORMAS LABORAIS ? (-A.B.Guedes, 29/6/2015)
A Europa não esconde as graves feridas que a afetam neste momento. A falta de solidariedade é a nota dominante da União Europeia onde a crise grega e ucraniana, bem como os imigrantes do norte de África são os casos mais evidentes e dolorosos!
Bem pode o Papa e outras entidades, nomeadamente a ONU e pessoas de outros continentes, lançarem alertas para que a Europa seja coesa, neste momento tão crítico da sua história! Será falar para o vento, certamente! O caso grego vai ser resolvido pela imposição mais ou menos pesada dos credores que não estão interessados em soluções de longo prazo para tirar aquele povo do atoleiro da austeridade.
A Ucrânia vai arder em fogo lento porque assim interessa aos interesses de Obama, Merkel e Putin. A trágica situação dos imigrantes vai ser "resolvida" com paliativos, com uma pretensa caça aos traficantes de seres humanos. Política de vistas curtas, de factos para a televisão, de atos para o voto, de subserviência perante o sistema financeiro e multinacional.
Não deixa de ser curioso o facto de que o discurso mais livre e descomprometido neste momento seja o do Papa Francisco! Uma encíclica recente sobre o nosso futuro, incluindo o do nosso planeta, fala de coisas verdadeiramente importantes, sem máscaras, sem sombras, dizendo claramente que com esta economia do descartável e de exploração da natureza e dos mais fracos estaremos condenados a médio prazo. Os arautos conservadores vieram logo a terreiro dizer que o Papa não critica esta economia mas sim o facto de não se apoiar os pobres devidamente! Esta gente poderosa sabe que o Papa Francisco está a pôr o dedo na ferida, mas não tem coragem de mudar! Terá que ser forçada!
Trump was prepared not only to promote the cause of corporations in government, but to turn government into a kind of corporation, staffed and run by executives and lobbyists. His incoherence was not a liability, but an opening: his agenda could be shaped. And the dark money network already developed by some American corporations was perfectly positioned to shape it. Dark money is the term used in the US for the funding of organisations involved in political advocacy that are not obliged to disclose where the money comes from. Few people would see a tobacco company as a credible source on public health, or a coal company as a neutral commentator on climate change. In order to advance their political interests, such companies must pay others to speak on their behalf.
Soon after the second world war, some of America’s richest people began setting up a network of thinktanks to promote their interests. These purport to offer dispassionate opinions on public affairs. But they are more like corporate lobbyists, working on behalf of those who fund them.
We have no hope of understanding what is coming until we understand how the dark money network operates. The remarkable story of a British member of parliament provides a unique insight into this network, on both sides of the Atlantic. His name is Liam Fox. Six years ago, his political career seemed to be over when he resigned as defence secretary after being caught mixing his private and official interests. But today he is back on the front bench, and with a crucial portfolio: secretary of state for international trade.
In 1997, the year the Conservatives lost office to Tony Blair, Fox, who is on the hard right of the Conservative party, founded an organisation called The Atlantic Bridge. Its patron was Margaret Thatcher. On its advisory council sat future cabinet ministers Michael Gove, George Osborne, William Hague and Chris Grayling. Fox, a leading campaigner for Brexit, described the mission of Atlantic Bridge as “to bring people together who have common interests”. It would defend these interests from “European integrationists who would like to pull Britain away from its relationship with the United States”.
Atlantic Bridge was later registered as a charity (organização sem fins lucrativos, passível de receber subsídios públicos e privados, e isentada de impostos). In fact it was part of the UK’s own dark money network: only after it collapsed did we discover the full story of who had funded it. Its main sponsor was the immensely rich Michael Hintze, who worked at Goldman Sachs (bank) before setting up the hedge fund CQS. Hintze is one of the Conservative party’s biggest donors. In 2012 he was revealed as a funder of the Global Warming Policy Foundation, which casts doubt on the science of climate change. As well as making cash grants and loans to Atlantic Bridge, he lent Fox his private jet to fly to and from Washington.
Another funder was the pharmaceutical company Pfizer. It paid for a researcher at Atlantic Bridge called Gabby Bertin. She went on to become David Cameron’s press secretary, and now sits in the House of Lords: Cameron gave her a life peerage in his resignation honours list.
In 2007, a group called the American Legislative Exchange Council (Alec) set up a sister organisation, the Atlantic Bridge Project. Alec is perhaps the most controversial corporate-funded thinktank in the US. It specialises in bringing together corporate lobbyists with state and federal legislators to develop “model bills” (preparar/fazer leis para ...). The legislators and their families enjoy lavish hospitality from the group, then take the model bills home with them, to promote as if they were their own initiatives.
To run the US arm of Atlantic Bridge, Alec brought in its director of international relations, Catherine Bray. She is a British woman who had previously worked for the Conservative MEP Richard Ashworth and the Ukip MEP Roger Helmer. Bray has subsequently worked for Conservative MEP and Brexit campaigner Daniel Hannan. Her husband is Wells Griffith, the battleground states director for Trump’s presidential campaign.
Among the members of Atlantic Bridge’s US advisory council were the ultra-conservative senators James Inhofe, Jon Kyl and Jim DeMint. Inhofe is reported to have received over $2m in campaign finance from coal and oil companies. Both Koch Industries and ExxonMobil have been major donors.
Kyl, now retired, is currently acting as the “sherpa” guiding Jeff Sessions’s nomination as Trump’s attorney general through the Senate. Jim DeMint resigned his seat in the Senate to become president of the Heritage Foundation – the thinktank founded with a grant from Joseph Coors of the Coors brewing empire, and built up with money from the banking and oil billionaire Richard Mellon Scaife. Like Alec, it has been richly funded by the Koch brothers. Heritage, under DeMint’s presidency, drove the attempt to ensure that Congress blocked the federal budget, temporarily shutting down the (Obama) government in 2013. Fox’s former special adviser at the Ministry of Defence, an American called Luke Coffey, now works for the foundation.
The Heritage Foundation is now at the heart of Trump’s administration. Its board members, fellows and staff comprise a large part of his transition team. Among them are Rebekah Mercer, who sits on Trump’s executive committee; Steven Groves and Jim Carafano (State Department); Curtis Dubay (Treasury); and Ed Meese, Paul Winfree, Russ Vought and John Gray (management and budget). CNN reports that “no other Washington institution has that kind of footprint in the transition”.
Trump’s extraordinary plan to cut federal spending by $10.5tn was drafted by the Heritage Foundation, which called it a “blueprint for a new administration”. Vought and Gray, who moved on to Trump’s team from Heritage, are now turning this blueprint into his first budget.
This will, if passed, inflict devastating cuts on healthcare, social security, legal aid, financial regulation and environmental protections; eliminate programmes to prevent violence against women, defend civil rights and fund the arts; and will privatise the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Trump, as you follow this story, begins to look less like a president and more like an intermediary, implementing an agenda that has been handed down to him.
In July last year, soon after he became trade secretary, Liam Fox flew to Washington. One of his first stops was a place he has visited often over the past 15 years: the office of the Heritage Foundation, where he spoke to, among others, Jim DeMint. A freedom of information request reveals that one of the topics raised at the meeting was the European ban on American chicken washed in chlorine: a ban that producers hope the UK will lift under a new trade agreement. Afterwards, Fox wrote to DeMint, looking forward to “working with you as the new UK government develops its trade policy priorities, including in high value areas that we discussed such as defence”.
How did Fox get to be in this position, after the scandal that brought him down in 2011? The scandal itself provides a clue: it involved a crossing of the boundaries between public and private interests. The man who ran the UK branch of Atlantic Bridge was his friend Adam Werritty, who operated out of Michael Hintze’s office building. Werritty’s work became entangled with Fox’s official business as defence secretary. Werritty, who carried a business card naming him as Fox’s adviser but was never employed by the Ministry of Defence, joined the secretary of state on numerous ministerial visits overseas, and made frequent visits to Fox’s office.
By the time details of this relationship began to leak, the charity commission had investigated Atlantic Bridge and determined that its work didn’t look very charitable. It had to pay back the tax from which it had been exempted (Hintze picked up the bill). In response, the trustees shut the organisation down. As the story about Werritty’s unauthorised involvement in government business began to grow, Fox made a number of misleading statements. He was left with no choice but to resign.
May needed someone who is unlikely to resist. She chose Fox, who has become an indispensable member of her team. The shadow diplomatic mission he developed through Atlantic Bridge plugs him straight into the Trump administration.
Long before Trump won, campaign funding in the US had systematically corrupted the political system. A new analysis by US political scientists finds an almost perfect linear relationship, across 32 years, between the money gathered by the two parties for congressional elections and their share of the vote. But there has also been a shift over these years: corporate donors have come to dominate this funding.
By tying our fortunes to those of the United States, the UK government binds us into this system. This is part of what Brexit was about: European laws protecting the public interest were portrayed by Conservative Eurosceptics as intolerable intrusions on corporate freedom. Taking back control from Europe means closer integration with the US. The transatlantic special relationship is a special relationship between political and corporate power. That power is cemented by the networks Liam Fox helped to develop.
In April 1938, President Franklin Roosevelt sent the US Congress the following warning: “The liberty of a democracy is not safe if the people tolerate the growth of private power to a point where it becomes stronger than their democratic state itself. That, in its essence, is fascism.” It is a warning we would do well to remember.
• A fully linked version of this column will be published at monbiot.com.